本文介绍如何使用 PyTorch 和三元组边缘损失 (Triplet Margin Loss) 微调嵌入模型，并重点阐述实现细节和代码示例。三元组损失是一种对比损失函数，通过缩小锚点与正例间的距离，同时扩大锚点与负例间的距离来优化模型。

数据集准备与处理

一般的嵌入模型都会使用Sentence Transformer ，其中的 encode() 方法可以直接处理文本输入。但是为了进行微调，我们需要采用 Transformer 库，所以就要将文本转换为模型可接受的 token IDs 和 attention masks。Token IDs 代表模型词汇表中的词或字符，attention masks 用于防止模型关注填充 tokens。

本文使用 thenlper/gte-base 模型，需要对应的 tokenizer 对文本进行预处理。该模型基于 BertModel 架构：

BertModel(
(embeddings): BertEmbeddings(
(word_embeddings): Embedding(30522, 768, padding_idx=0)
(position_embeddings): Embedding(512, 768)
(token_type_embeddings): Embedding(2, 768)
(LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
(dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
)
(encoder): BertEncoder(
(layer): ModuleList(
(0-11): 12 x BertLayer(
(attention): BertAttention(
(self): BertSdpaSelfAttention(
(query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
(key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
(value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
(dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
)
(output): BertSelfOutput(
(dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
(LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
(dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
)
)
(intermediate): BertIntermediate(
(dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
(intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
)
(output): BertOutput(
(dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
(LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
(dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
)
)
)
)
(pooler): BertPooler(
(dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
(activation): Tanh()
)
)

利用 Transformers 库的 AutoTokenizer 和 AutoModel 可以简化模型加载过程，无需手动处理底层架构和配置细节。

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel 
from tqdm import tqdm 
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("thenlper/gte-base") 

# 获取文本并进行标记 
train_texts = [df_train.loc[i]['content'] for i in range(df_train.shape[0])] 
dev_texts = [df_dev.loc[i]['content'] for i in range(df_dev.shape[0])] 
test_texts = [df_test.loc[i]['content'] for i in range(df_test.shape[0])] 

train_tokens = [] 
train_attention_masks = [] 
dev_tokens = [] 
dev_attention_masks = [] 
test_tokens = [] 
test_attention_masks = [] 

for sent in tqdm(train_texts): 
encoding = tokenizer(sent, truncation=True, padding='max_length', return_tensors='pt') 
train_tokens.append(encoding['input_ids'].squeeze(0)) 
train_attention_masks.append(encoding['attention_mask'].squeeze(0)) 

for sent in tqdm(dev_texts): 
encoding = tokenizer(sent, truncation=True, padding='max_length', return_tensors='pt') 
dev_tokens.append(encoding['input_ids'].squeeze(0)) 
dev_attention_masks.append(encoding['attention_mask'].squeeze(0)) 

for sent in tqdm(test_texts): 
encoding = tokenizer(sent, truncation=True, padding='max_length', return_tensors='pt') 
test_tokens.append(encoding['input_ids'].squeeze(0)) 
test_attention_masks.append(encoding['attention_mask'].squeeze(0))

获取 token IDs 和 attention masks 后，需要将其存储并创建一个自定义的 PyTorch 数据集。

import random 
from collections import defaultdict 
import torch 
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader, Sampler, SequentialSampler 

class CustomTripletDataset(Dataset): 
def __init__(self, tokens, attention_masks, labels): 
self.tokens = tokens 
self.attention_masks = attention_masks 
self.labels = torch.Tensor(labels) 
self.label_dict = defaultdict(list) 

for i in range(len(tokens)): 
self.label_dict[int(self.labels[i])].append(i) 
self.unique_classes = list(self.label_dict.keys()) 

def __len__(self): 
return len(self.tokens) 

def __getitem__(self, index): 
ids = self.tokens[index].to(device) 
ams = self.attention_masks[index].to(device) 
y = self.labels[index].to(device) 
return ids, ams, y

由于采用三元组损失，需要从数据集中采样正例和负例。label_dict 字典用于存储每个类别及其对应的数据索引，方便随机采样。DataLoader 用于加载数据集：

train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_sampler=train_batch_sampler)

其中 train_batch_sampler 是自定义的批次采样器：

class CustomBatchSampler(SequentialSampler): 
def __init__(self, dataset, batch_size): 
self.dataset = dataset 
self.batch_size = batch_size 
self.unique_classes = sorted(dataset.unique_classes) 
self.label_dict = dataset.label_dict 
self.num_batches = len(self.dataset) // self.batch_size 
self.class_size = self.batch_size // 4 

def __iter__(self): 
total_samples_used = 0 
weights = np.repeat(1, len(self.unique_classes)) 

while total_samples_used < len(self.dataset): 
batch = [] 
classes = [] 
for _ in range(4): 
next_selected_class = self._select_class(weights) 
while next_selected_class in classes: 
next_selected_class = self._select_class(weights) 
weights[next_selected_class] += 1 
classes.append(next_selected_class) 
new_choices = self.label_dict[next_selected_class] 
remaining_samples = list(np.random.choice(new_choices, min(self.class_size, len(new_choices)), replace=False)) 
batch.extend(remaining_samples) 

total_samples_used += len(batch) 

yield batch 

def _select_class(self, weights): 
dist = 1/weights 
dist = dist/np.sum(dist) 
selected = int(np.random.choice(self.unique_classes, p=dist)) 
return selected 

def __len__(self): 
return self.num_batches

自定义批次采样器控制训练批次的构成，本文的实现确保每个批次包含 4 个类别，每个类别包含 8 个数据点。验证采样器则确保验证集批次在不同 epoch 间保持一致。

模型构建

嵌入模型通常基于 Transformer 架构，输出每个 token 的嵌入。为了获得句子嵌入，需要对 token 嵌入进行汇总。常用的方法包括 CLS 池化和平均池化。本文使用的 gte-base 模型采用平均池化，需要从模型输出中提取 token 嵌入并计算平均值。

import torch.nn.functional as F 
import torch.nn as nn 

class EmbeddingModel(nn.Module): 
def __init__(self, base_model): 
super().__init__() 
self.base_model = base_model 

def average_pool(self, last_hidden_states, attention_mask): 
# 平均 token 嵌入 
last_hidden = last_hidden_states.masked_fill(~attention_mask[..., None].bool(), 0.0) 
return last_hidden.sum(dim=1) / attention_mask.sum(dim=1)[..., None] 

def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask): 
outputs = self.base_model(input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask) 
last_hidden_state = outputs.last_hidden_state 
pooled_output = self.average_pool(last_hidden_state, attention_mask) 
normalized_output = F.normalize(pooled_output, p=2, dim=1) 
return normalized_output 

base_model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("thenlper/gte-base") 
model = EmbeddingModel(base_model)

EmbeddingModel 类封装了 Hugging Face 模型，并实现了平均池化和嵌入归一化。

模型训练

训练循环中需要动态计算每个锚点的最难正例和最难负例。

import numpy as np 

def train(model, train_loader, criterion, optimizer, scheduler): 
model.train() 
epoch_train_losses = [] 

for idx, (ids, attention_masks, labels) in enumerate(train_loader): 
optimizer.zero_grad() 

embeddings = model(ids, attention_masks) 

distance_matrix = torch.cdist(embeddings, embeddings, p=2) # 创建方形距离矩阵 

anchors = [] 
positives = [] 
negatives = [] 

for i in range(len(labels)): 

anchor_label = labels[i].item() 
anchor_distance = distance_matrix[i] # 锚点与所有其他点之间的距离 

# 最难的正例（同一类别中最远的） 
hardest_positive_idx = (labels == anchor_label).nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0] # 所有同类索引 
hardest_positive_idx = hardest_positive_idx[hardest_positive_idx != i] # 排除自己的标签 
hardest_positive = hardest_positive_idx[anchor_distance[hardest_positive_idx].argmax()] # 最远同类的标签 

# 最难的负例（不同类别中最近的） 
hardest_negative_idx = (labels != anchor_label).nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0] # 所有不同类索引 
hardest_negative = hardest_negative_idx[anchor_distance[hardest_negative_idx].argmin()] # 最近不同类的标签 

# 加载选择的 
anchors.append(embeddings[i]) 
positives.append(embeddings[hardest_positive]) 
negatives.append(embeddings[hardest_negative]) 

# 将列表转换为张量 
anchors = torch.stack(anchors) 
positives = torch.stack(positives) 
negatives = torch.stack(negatives) 

# 计算损失 
loss = criterion(anchors, positives, negatives) 
epoch_train_losses.append(loss.item()) 

# 反向传播和优化 
loss.backward() 
optimizer.step() 

# 更新学习率 
scheduler.step() 

return np.mean(epoch_train_losses)

训练过程中使用 torch.cdist() 计算嵌入间的距离矩阵，并根据距离选择最难正例和最难负例。PyTorch 的 TripletMarginLoss 用于计算损失。

结论与讨论

实践表明，Batch Hard Triplet Loss 在某些情况下并非最优选择。例如，当正例样本内部差异较大时，强制其嵌入相似可能适得其反。

本文的重点在于 PyTorch 中自定义批次采样和动态距离计算的实现。

对于某些任务，直接在分类任务上微调嵌入模型可能比使用三元组损失更有效。